Perfecting Democracy

In this passage from his Second Treatise of Government, John Locke used the term "perfect democracy" in the same way the term "pure democracy" is sometimes used to describe direct democracy. In a direct democracy every adult member of a community, state, or nation who wants to be politically active has an equal vote and can vote directly as political decisions are made, with the votes of the majority determining the form of the government, the “just powers” of the government, the laws that are enacted, and the public policies that are put in place..

For a direct democracy to have the form of a Perfect Democracy, the "officers" who execute the laws must be “appointed” (or elected) by a majority vote of the people (either directly or indirectly) and the powers of those officers must be limited to executing the laws.

Referendums and the Initiative

Two Powerful Forms of Direct Democracy

An election in which the people of a community, state, or nation vote directly to determine whether a proposed law or constitutional amendment is enacted or rejected is called a referendum. Referendums can be called by various methods: by a legislative body, according to mandates in a constitution, or by the people through the “initiative", which gives citizens the power to initiate and enact legislation, including constitutional amendments, without the involvement or approval of a legislature.

The adoption of provisions for referendums and/or the initiative in twenty-three states in the twenty-year period between 1898 and 1918 was one of the most important and enduring victories for democracy in American history. There are currently twenty-six states in America that have provisions for referendums and/or the initiative in their state constitutions. There is no provision for referendums or the initiative in the Constitution of the United States.

The main problem with referendums and the initiative, in the states that already have provisions for them, is that calling a veto referendum or putting a proposal on the ballot through the initiative is far more difficult than it should be. The details of the initiative process vary from state to state, but getting legislation passed through the initiative process is never easy. Gathering the required number of signatures is a significant challenge in every state. Election officials in most states with the initiative are empowered to preemptively reject signatures on petitions and it is not uncommon for a significant percentage of the signatures collected to be rejected for various (often unspecified) reasons. This effectively (and unjustly) increases the number of signatures required to get a proposal on the ballot. Educating voters about a ballot proposal typically requires raising millions of dollars, especially if there is opposition to a proposal from well-funded special interests.

Despite these difficulties, states with referendums and the initiative have been able to increase the minimum wage, expand Medicaid, repeal anti-worker so-called “right-to-work” laws, enact ethics laws, and pass other laws supported by the people but opposed by “representatives” who do not truly represent the will of the people.

Some politicians in states that have provisions for referendums and the initiative, unhappy with the occasional success of ballot proposals and veto referendums, have introduced legislation that would make it even more difficult to use the initiative. If these antidemocratic amendments are enacted, it will be a significant setback for democracy.

We need to fight off attempts to undermine and roll back democracy, but we need to do more than that. When it comes to defending democracy, an adage commonly associated with sports and warfare applies – “The best defense is a good offense.” We need to proactively promote democracy. We need to enact Perfect Democracy Amendments.

Perfect Democracy Amendments

In a true democracy, proposed legislation should be put on the ballot through the initiative (and approved or rejected by voters in a referendum) anytime it appears likely that a legislature has failed to enact legislation that is supported by most of the citizens of a community, state, or nation. Veto referendums should be called anytime it appears likely that legislation that does not have the support of most of the citizens has been enacted by a legislature.

The details of Perfect Democracy Amendments will vary from state to state and for the federal government, but will do one or more of three things:

Perfect Democracy Amendments will extend the use of referendums and the initiative to the federal government and to the states that do not yet provide for them.

In states that already have provisions for referendums and the initiative, Perfect Democracy Amendments will make it easier to call referendums and use the initiative.

In states that already have referendums and the initiative, Perfect Democracy Amendments will repeal any anti-democratic provisions that make direct democracy less democratic. (Super-majority requirements, fees for filing petitions, et cetera.)

There are two ways to make it easier for citizens to call veto referendums or use the initiative to put proposed legislation on the ballot: (1) Reduce the number of signatures required; or (2) allow citizens to sign petitions electronically through Online Accounts for Politically Active Citizens.

Citizens of the European Union have been able to sign initiative petitions online since 2011, by submitting Statements of Support. A system in place in Arizona enables citizens to electronically sign the petitions candidates must circulate to get on the ballot. A system in place in Boulder, Colorado gives citizens the option of signing initiative petitions online.

Not only is signing petitions online easier and more convenient, but when people sign statements of support securely online, every statement of support can reasonably be considered legitimate. There is no need for election officials to check signatures and no signatures are preemptively rejected.

Research on Direct Democracy

One argument likely to be made against making it easier for citizens to call veto referendums and use the initiative is that voters are not as well-informed or knowledgeable as their elected “representatives”.

Research conducted by Benjamin I. Page and Martin Gilens and shared in their book Democracy in America? What Has Gone Wrong and What We Can Do About It, refutes the idea that voters are not well-informed when voting on issues. They found that “public opinion is generally deliberative – it generally reflects the best available information and the values and interests of the citizenry.” As a result, when citizens vote directly, “Collective preferences tend to…reflect the underlying needs and values of the whole body of citizens, in light of the best available information from experts and commentators.”

The best thing we can do to fix “what has gone wrong” with democracy in America is to build on the successes of the populist and progressive movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. We need to build on their successes by extending the use of referendums and the initiative to the federal government and to the states that do not yet provide for them, and make it easier to call referendums and use the initiative in the states that do provide for them. We need to enact Perfect Democracy Amendments!

Why Direct Democracy is better than Representative Democracy

Power shared broadly and equally minimizes corruption

Direct democracy is sometimes referred to as “pure democracy” is because it is more difficult to corrupt a government when power is distributed equally among all the citizens of a community, state, or nation and exercised by citizens voting directly.

Experience has consistently demonstrated the truth of Lord Acton’s well-known observation that “Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely.” With that being the case, distributing power as broadly and equally as possible is the best way to eliminate, or at least minimize, corruption in a government. It is far easier to corrupt presidents and governors, judges, or a majority of the members of a legislative body than it is to corrupt a majority of the politically active citizens in a community, state, or nation.

It is possible to make direct democracy less than pure. The most common ways that direct democracy is corrupted are by posing questions put on the ballot in a deceptive or confusing manner, by imposing super-majority requirements for adoption of proposed legislation, or by limiting who can participate in elections. We need to do whatever is necessary to prevent such impurities from corrupting direct democracy.

Direct democracy is more likely to promote the common interest

In his system of classifying governments, Aristotle divided each of the three basic alternatives for how many people share power (one person, the few, or the many) into “true forms” and “perversions”. The “true” forms were those in which those who shared power governed with a view to the common interest. Governments were “perversions” of the true forms when those sharing power promote their own interests over the common interest.

The most important finding in the research conducted by Gilens and Page is that “Majority rule…tends to produce public policies that benefit the largest number of people and promote the common interest.” Common sense and observation confirm that finding.

Within that framework and those definitions, direct democracy is more likely to be a “true democracy”. (Serving the common interest.) And representative democracy is more likely to be a “perversion” of democracy. (Serving private interests.)

Congress and state legislatures do not “represent” the people

While John Locke clearly believed that direct democracy was the best form of government, he did acknowledge the right of a majority of the members of a community, state, or nation to “put the power of making laws into the hands of a few select men” but described that form of government as an “oligarchy”.

Locke’s choice of the term “oligarchy” to describe a government where “the power of making laws” is delegated to “a few select men” is significant. In his system of classifying governments, Aristotle used the term “aristocracy” to describe the “true form” of “government by the few” (when the few who share power govern “with a view to the common interest”) and the term “oligarchy” as the “perversion” of “government by the few” (when they govern “with a view to private interests”).

Given the fact that Locke was clearly familiar with and referencing Aristotle’s system of classifying governments in proposing his own system of classification, his use of the term “oligarchy”, indicated a belief that people are making a mistake when they “put the power of making laws into the hands of a few select men”. Experience and research have confirmed that belief.

Gilens and Page found that, in America, “Not only do ordinary citizens not have uniquely substantial power over policy decisions; they have little or no independent influence on policy at all. By contrast, economic elites are estimated to have a quite substantial, highly significant, independent impact on policy.”

Our government, at present, is most accurately described as an “oligarchy”. Perfect Democracy Amendments will instantly transform it into a true democracy.

We (the People) are the Best Guardians of Our Rights

The Declaration of Independence states – as “self-evident” Truths - that we are “endowed” by our “Creator” with “certain unalienable Rights” and that the primary reason we form governments is to secure our rights. Those “truths” are irrelevant to the false friends and true enemies of democracy who want governments to serve private interests and assist them in putting profits ahead of people.

The false friends and true enemies of democracy have had a great deal of success in corrupting Congress and state legislatures. They have been less successful in corrupting referendums, especially when the proposal on the ballot relates to protecting our rights. Direct democracy is the form of government most likely to secure and protect our rights because we (the people) are the best guardians of our rights.

Referendums shift the focus from politicians to issues

Elections in America are dominated by money. Candidates (and the political parties and PACs that support them) compete with other candidates (and political parties) by raising massive amounts of money. Far too much of the money raised is spent on advertising that either attacks opposing candidates or promotes candidates with glittering generalities. Attack ads saturated with misinformation, disinformation, and outright lies have proven to be very effective within a duopoly (a system dominated by two political parties). It is easy to demonize or vilify a politician. That is not an effective strategy for winning a referendum on a ballot proposal.

When citizens vote directly on ballot proposals, “winning” the election requires persuading politically active citizens that the proposal on the ballot should be supported (or opposed). Misinformation, disinformation, and outright lies regarding the measure may still be a problem, but attacking the people who may be voicing support or opposition is considerably less effective than constructively debating the issue on the ballot.

Referendums shift the focus of political activity to meaningful discussions of issues. The debates and discussions that take place when a proposal is placed on the ballot are routinely much more detailed, nuanced, and constructive than the “debates” that take place in Congress, state legislatures, or as part of elections.

The most legitimate way to obtain the “consent of the governed”

The Declaration of Independence states that the “just powers” of a government are derived from “the consent of the governed”. That consent is most properly obtained through referendums with every citizen having an equal vote.

Too Many Ballot Proposals?

Finding the proper balance between making the initiative process too easy and too difficult

Another argument likely to be made against making it easier for citizens to call referendums and use the initiative is that we will be inundated with too many ballot proposals, including some proposals that are frivolous or dangerous. If that proves to be the case, it may be necessary to make some adjustments, most likely by increasing the number of signatures required to call referendums or use the initiative. But the problems right now are that it is far too difficult to call referendums and use the initiative and that there is no provision for referendums or the initiative at the federal level or in twenty-four states. Both Congress and state legislatures are failing to enact a great deal of critically needed legislation that has majority support among the people. And a great deal of legislation that does not appear to have the support of a majority of the people is being enacted.

It is important to strike the proper balance between making it too easy and too difficult to call referendums and for the people of a community, state, or the nation, to put proposals on the ballot.

The best way to limit the number of referendums called and the number of proposals put on the ballot through the initiative is to make Congress and state legislatures a more accurate reflection of the will of the people. Implementing Ranked Choice Voting (multiple-member districts) would help with that. Implementing systems of Proxies for Citizens would be even better. Combining Ranked Choice Voting (with multiple-member districts) and Proxies for Citizens would be the best way of all to make Congress and state legislatures truly democratic institutions.

The Tyranny of the Minority

The most basic and most common argument against democracy made by the false friends and true enemies of democracy is that the majority will tyrannize minorities. History clearly demonstrates that when the majority tyrannize us minorities it is more commonly manifested by mob violence, not through elections. Within Most flawed democracies the most common flaws involve various ways that allow a minority to tyrannize the majority.

The fact that the tyranny of the minority is more common than the tyranny of the majority is well established by Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt in their book Tyranny of the Minority. Among their observations:

“The more that political institutions over represent partisan minorities, the more likely it is that majority opinion will be thwarted or ignored.”

“When candidates or parties can win power against the wishes of the majority, democracy loses its meaning.”

Amending Our Constitution Democratically

This quotation from Chief Justice John Marshall represents the way things should be but not the way things are. The people who “made” our Constitution have been dead for a long time. By making the process of amending our Constitution itself extremely antidemocratic - requiring super-majorities of two-thirds of the members in both houses of Congress or a convention called by two-thirds of state legislatures to propose amendments and an even larger super-majority of three-fourths of states to ratify a proposed amendment - the fifty-five men who drafted our Constitution and a few thousand people who voted to ratify it two and half centuries ago, have made it extremely difficult for us - the people who are alive today – to “unmake” the decisions made by people two and a half centuries ago.

Levitsky and Ziblatt point out that “Among democracies, the U.S. Constitution is the hardest in the world to change”. In contrast, they cite the fact that “Norway’s constitution was amended 316 times between 1814 and 2014.” The result? “Two centuries of reform have transformed Norway into one of the most democratic countries on earth.” (Norway is ranked at the most democratic country in the world by the 2023 Democracy Index.)

Levitsky and Ziblatt share a quote from Thomas Jefferson as someone who “was especially critical of those who “look at constitutions with sanctimonious reverence, and deem them like the ark of the covenant, too sacred to be touched.”

The Amendment Process Should be Democratic

The will of the people is most accurately and reliably determined through referendums in which every citizen has an equal vote, and the votes of the majority determine the outcome. Majority rule is the essential element of a true democracy. It is also the element that most frequently provokes a crisis of faith for people who otherwise support “democracy”.

The exception to majority rule most frequently sought is requiring a super-majority to amend a constitution. The justification most frequently cited for requiring a super-majority to amend a constitution is to protect the rights of minorities. The minority most commonly feeling the need for protection from “the tyranny of the majority” is the wealthy. And the form of the “tyranny” they fear most is tax laws that put any form of progressive taxation in place.

We Have the Right to Alter the Form of Our Government

The Declaration of Independence acknowledged the “Right” of the people to alter the form of their government and “to institute new Government, laying its Foundation on such Principles and organizing its Powers in such Form” as seems to us “most likely to effect (our) Safety and Happiness.”

There are numerous anti-democratic provisions embedded in the body of our Constitution. To make America a more perfect democracy, we need to “alter” the form of our government. The fact that an anti-democratic amendment process is one of those anti-democratic provisions makes it extremely difficult to amend our Constitution.

The citizens of seventeen states already have the power to propose amendments to their state constitutions through the initiative process. In most of those states, proposed amendments are ratified by a simple majority vote in a statewide referendum. None of those states has experienced “mob rule” or “the tyranny of the majority” as a result of having a democratic amendment process. The power to amend constitutions democratically should be extended to the people of the remaining states and to the people of the United States.

The Wisdom of the Ages

The wisdom of the ages can be found within the pages of books and magazines and newspapers. While political philosophers who championed democracy may have been in the minority at the time they wrote, as democracy has established itself as, not only the best form of government, but the only legitimate form of government, the thoughts shared by the advocates of democracy lend support to the effort to make America (or any other country) a Perfect Democracy.

The false friends and true enemies of democracy are (and always have been) in the minority among the people of America, but they were in the majority at the Federal Convention of 1787 and among the voters in a ratification process that was conducted in a hurried manner designed to prevent opponents of the Constitution from having the time needed organize an effective campaign against ratification. The “debates” that took place in the newspapers of the day, were largely one-sided, with the mostly federalist press refusing to publish letters and essays containing anti-federalist talking points.

Two and a half centuries ago, fifty-five men, all now long dead, created a form of government that was hostile to democratic principles and dismissive of the will of the people, by embedding numerous antidemocratic provisions in the body of our Constitution. They effectively locked those provisions in place by putting the power to amend the Constitution in the hands of Congress and state legislatures and requiring the approval of a super-majority at every step of the amendment process. By making the process of amending our Constitution itself antidemocratic, they extended the grip of their decisions beyond the grave and to posterity. Their success in doing so does not alter the fact that -

The Dead Have No Right to Govern the Living:

The answer to John Locke’s question should be obvious – those of us who are alive today should be free to decide for ourselves when decisions are made about how to respond to the problems we face as a nation.

And it is not only the “circumstances of the world” or the “opinions of men” that “are continually changing”. The composition of the electorate in a nation evolves continually as some members of a society die and others reach the age of consent and become eligible to vote.

By embedding numerous antidemocratic provisions in our Constitution, fifty-five men, now long dead, created a form of government that was hostile to democratic principles and dismissive of the will of the people. By making the process of amending our Constitution itself antidemocratic, they extended the grip of their decisions to posterity. By locking an antidemocratic system in place, Article V of our Constitution has, in effect, allowed the dead to govern the living.

A few of the delegates to the Federal Convention also argued (in vain) that -

Congress should not be involved in the amendment process:

The same arguments could be made today regarding state legislatures.

The situation we find ourselves in at present illustrates the truth of these assertions. Although Article V of our Constitution does provide a way to amend the Constitution without congressional approval – through a constitutional convention – requiring a super-majority of two-thirds of state legislatures to call for a convention makes even this alternative method anti-democratic.

Extending the use of referendums and the initiative to the people of America and of the states that do not yet have provisions for referendums and the initiative will shift power from members of Congress and state legislatures to the people of each state and the people of the United States. For that reason, it will be extremely difficult to get two-thirds of the members of Congress or even a simple majority of the members in two-thirds of the state legislatures to support Perfect Democracy Amendments.

The initial victories for Champions of Democracy will almost certainly come in states that already have provisions for referendums and the initiative. In those states we can utilize the initiative process to enact Perfect Democracy Amendments that make it easier to call referendums and use the initiative by allowing citizens to “sign” petitions electronically (online).

In states that do not already have provisions allowing citizens to call referendums and use the initiative, success is more likely to come initially through getting systems of Proxies for Citizens implemented. Although Proxies for Citizens will give more power to the people, it will do so by shifting power within legislatures from members who ignore the will of the people, to members who draft, sponsor, and cosponsor legislation that reflects the will of the people.

We Need a Peaceful Political Revolution

At least so far, these dire warnings have not proven accurate with regard to the Unites States. The Constitution of the United States is the oldest constitution in the world continuously in effect even though it is the most difficult constitution in the world to amend. With the painful and bloody exception of the Civil War, we have so far avoided massive violence is settling constitutional issues.

We, the people, should be able to amend constitutions by simple majorities. Neither Congress nor state legislatures should be able to “check” our right to amend our Constitution.

FYI: Two Ballotpedia Podcasts About Initiatives

Citizen Initiatives: The history of giving power to the people

The initiative process has its roots in a time of upheaval, over a century ago, when the balance of power in the U.S. was shifting in dramatic ways. Big business was booming, railroads and corporations were gaining immense influence, and many Americans felt that their government no longer worked for them. From these frustrations, a radical idea emerged: What if citizens didn’t have to wait for politicians to act? What if they could draft proposals for their own laws, gather support from their neighbors, and force them onto the ballot? In this episode, four experts on ballot initiatives are interviewed for a special deep dive into the history and modern debate around citizen initiated ballot measures.

How State Legislatures Could Change Election Laws This Year.

A preview what we’re looking out for this year when it comes to election-related legislation and take a break from all of the presidential and federal news that’ll unfold this week.

The material on this website is adapted from a soon to be published book: Government by the People: A Citizen's Guide to Making America a Perfect Democracy by Winston Apple.

Permission is granted to share with proper attribution. All Rights are Reserved.

This website is paid for by Perfect Democracy - a 501(c)4 political action committee.

Government by the People